Nagchu’s Snow Leopards- A Conservation Success Story in the Making

Snow leopard

A comprehensive wildlife survey conducted in Nagchu, Tibet Autonomous Region, has identified 126 snow leopards, underscoring the region’s critical role as a habitat for this elusive species on the Tibetan Plateau. Carried out between 2021 and 2024, the study employed 217 camera traps, capturing 2,538 images that confirmed the presence of 126 individual snow leopards, including twelve cubs. The research, a collaboration between Nagchu’s forestry and grassland bureau and the Shan Shui Conservation Center, also documented 37 other protected species, such as the Asian golden cat, dhole, and red goral, reinforcing the area's ecological richness. Spanning eleven districts and counties, the survey provided a thorough assessment of local wildlife populations. According to Zhao Xiang, director of the Shan Shui Conservation Center, Drachen, Nyima, and Shanza counties are particularly well-suited for snow leopards due to their intact ecosystems and abundant prey. The surveyed habitats, situated at elevations between 4,000 and 5,200 meters, offer ideal conditions for the species. Additionally, the research confirmed Nagchu as home to six Class I protected species, including the kiang (Tibetan wild ass) and musk deer, along with thirteen Class II protected species such as the mainland serow and Tibetan gazelle.

Nagchu

China's commitment to snow leopard conservation is evident in the extensive collaboration between government agencies, scientific institutions, and local communities. This survey highlights the increasing awareness and proactive measures being taken to protect the species. Nagchu is particularly significant as it serves as a natural corridor connecting the Himalayas and the Sanjiangyuan region, two vital snow leopard habitats. Ensuring connectivity across these landscapes is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and the overall health of the population.

Kiang, a Class I protected species recorded in Nagchu

Previous research, conducted from 2015 to 2021 by the Shan Shui Conservation Center in collaboration with Peking University and other institutions, estimated that approximately 1,002 snow leopards inhabit 360,000 square kilometers of the Tibetan Plateau. This landmark study, published in Biodiversity and Conservation on January 11, represented China’s first large-scale assessment of the species’ population. The current survey further validates Nagchu’s ecological importance, not only through its snow leopard population but also in its role as a stronghold for diverse wildlife.

Tibetan gazelle, Class II protected species recorded in Nagchu

Moving forward, it is imperative that conservation efforts continue to build on these findings. Strengthening protections for Nagchu’s habitats will not only secure the future of snow leopards but also preserve the broader biodiversity of the Tibetan Plateau. By leveraging scientific research, policy support, and local engagement, China has the opportunity to establish a model for large-scale wildlife conservation that can be replicated in other regions.     

India’s Tiger Boom- A Conservation Miracle or a Looming Crisis?

Bengal tiger

India’s tiger population has grown significantly over the past decade, solidifying the country’s role as a key stronghold for these big cats. However, this success brings a major challenge—finding enough space for them, given their extensive territorial needs. One approach has been the expansion of tiger reserves, with the government rapidly increasing its network of protected areas. In the past five months alone, three new national parks have been established, bringing the total to 58. A 2022 census recorded 3,682 tigers in these reserves, a sharp rise from 1,706 in 2010. This suggests an average of 63 tigers per park, though their distribution remains uneven. For instance, Madhav National Park in Madhya Pradesh had no tigers until 2023, when three were relocated, leading to the birth of two cubs. Another tiger was introduced in March, further strengthening the park’s potential as a vital wildlife corridor linking Kuno, Panna, and Ranthambore Tiger Reserves.

A tiger walking through a grassland in Kaziranga National Park

While India’s tiger conservation efforts have been successful, experts emphasize that protecting these big cats involves more than just increasing their numbers. Over 60 million people live in areas that overlap with tiger habitats, raising concerns about human-tiger conflicts. Additionally, some reserves—particularly in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha—have worryingly low tiger populations. Conservationists believe these states could increase their tiger numbers through better protection, stronger anti-poaching measures, and closer collaboration with local communities. Milind Pariwakam, a wildlife biologist and joint director at the Wildlife Trust of India, highlighted that officials must not only monitor tiger populations but also ensure they have sufficient space to thrive. Conservation sociologist Dr. Medha Nayak from Odisha’s National Institute of Technology pointed to Madhav National Park as an example of an ideal habitat that also serves as a corridor for tiger movement between Kuno, Panna, and Ranthambore. According to the 2022 Status of Tigers report by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), tigers flourish primarily in or near protected areas under the Project Tiger initiative. The report notes that these populations are essential for the species' long-term survival, as they produce young tigers that disperse across the landscape. This movement is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and balanced populations across different regions.

A tiger crossing the road in Kaziranga National Park

Ensuring the survival of tigers in India requires more than just increasing their numbers; it is crucial to establish wildlife corridors that allow movement between protected areas. Not all states or reserves have seen success, with regions like northern and western Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha having notably low tiger densities. Although these areas have enough forest cover to support around 1,400 tigers, issues such as illegal poaching, forest fires, and inadequate protection hinder conservation efforts. Research highlights that economic growth and social conditions significantly impact tiger populations, with habitat loss, poaching, and poverty contributing to declines in low-density areas. A study, Tiger Recovery Amid People and Poverty, found that some of India’s poorest districts—Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and parts of the northeast—have historically experienced high levels of poaching and bushmeat hunting, leading to local tiger extinctions. While economic development has improved conservation in areas benefiting from tiger-related tourism and compensation schemes, it can also lead to land-use changes that threaten habitats. To secure long-term tiger survival, measures must address poverty in low-density regions while strengthening protection efforts. Additionally, thorough research is needed to identify forests that could be converted into tiger reserves to enhance connectivity between protected areas. Lastly, careful planning is essential to balance development with habitat conservation to ensure the future of tigers and other wildlife.   

Coexistence Over Conflict- Rethinking Wolf Management in California

Black wolf

The gray wolf population in California is on the rise. While this is a positive development for biologists and wildlife experts, it has also led to increasing conflicts with livestock. According to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), wolves were responsible for the deaths of approximately 19 cattle, mostly in Lassen, Modoc, and Siskiyou counties, between October and December 2024. In response, Modoc County declared a local emergency, urging state officials to take action. The county's Board of Supervisors called for measures such as relocating or euthanizing wolves that pose a threat to livestock and public safety. CDFW spokesperson Peter Tira stated that the department continues to monitor wolf activity, provide advice to ranchers, and recommend strategies to reduce conflicts. However, the resurgence of wolves remains a persistent challenge. Ranchers have expressed frustration over state funding cuts to compensation programs, which leaves them without reimbursement for preventive measures like fencing or guard dogs. Conservationists advocate for changes in ranching practices, including the prompt removal of carcasses and the adoption of new deterrent techniques. Nevertheless, ranchers report that previously effective methods, such as noise deterrents, flags, and electric fencing, are becoming less reliable.

Gray wolf resting in the shade

I firmly believe that implementing safe and non-lethal alternatives is essential to fostering peaceful coexistence between wolves and ranchers in California and across the country. Resorting to killing or euthanizing wolves that cause conflicts is not a viable solution. As key indicators of a thriving ecosystem, wolves help maintain ecological balance by preying on deer, bison, and other herbivores. Removing them could have severe consequences for ecosystem health. Additionally, stronger measures must be taken to counteract recent state funding cuts so that compensation programs can continue to support ranchers. These programs not only reimburse ranchers for livestock losses but also provide crucial resources, such as guardian dogs, to protect their animals from wolf predation. Ensuring the effectiveness of these programs is vital. Moreover, public perception of wolves needs to shift, particularly in light of a recent incident in Sierra County where a dog was tragically shot after being mistaken for a wolf. To secure a better future for wolves, wildlife officials, ranchers, and other stakeholders must collaborate on long-term solutions that promote the survival of these animals.  

Lebanon's Animal Refugees- A Lion Cub's Tale

Sara the lion cub in a Beirut apartment owned by the founders of Animals Lebanon.

The exotic pet trade has been operating around the world for decades, covering every country and continent. The vast majority of wild animals, including endangered ones, are smuggled every year in large numbers to feed the insatiable appetite of public consumerism. These animals are forcefully taken from their natural habitats and find themselves on harrowing journeys which bring them to the confines of their owners' properties in the urban jungle. There are exotic pets found in almost every country in the world. However, they are not just limited to the developed world. In recent times, exotic pet ownership has also turned up in war-torn countries. One of those countries that has been brought into the spotlight is Lebanon, which was recently attaked in connection to the war in the Middle East.      

Co-founder of Animals Lebanon Jason Mier preparing a crate to transfer Sara for her departure. 

It is not just civilians who are affected by the brutality of the war. Animals have also suffered from the devastation and were forced to be relocated out of the country after being rescued. One of these casualties of war was a four-month-old lion cub named Sara, who was saved from being used as a prop in TikTok videos by a social media influencer. Sara's rescue has been attributed to the work of Animals Lebanon, an organization on the frontlines in rescuing both wild and domestic animals displaced by warfare and transporting them to other countries for a better life. Since its establishment in 2008, Animals Lebanon has rescued and transported 25 lions, tigers, and other big cats to sanctuaries around the world for their safety and well-being. Sara is the fifth lion the organization has rescued and transported since fighting broke out between Hezbollah and Israel last year. Before the war broke out in Lebanon, the organization used to fly the rescued animals out of Lebanon via Middle East Airlines, the only airline which still flies in and out of the country. However, according to the organization's co-founder Jason Mier, the carrier now no longer transports animals. This led to coming up with an alternative strategy. In Sara's case, the process began when she was sheltered at an apartment in downtown Beirut which Mier shares with his wife, co-founder Maggie Sharaawi. After about two months, Sara was transported in a metal crate to a waterfront in Beirut's Dbayeh district where she was placed on a yacht bound for Cyprus. From there, she was flown to Dubai and then to Cape Town where she now resides at Drakenstein Lion Park.

Maggie Sharaawi, vice president of Animals Lebanon, calms Sara before her transfer.

I really admire and applaud the extraordinary efforts by the members of Animals Lebanon to rescue the lives of several animals displaced by Israeli airstrikes. Their headquarters in central Beirut contains more than 200 cats, dogs, and birds which is a testament of their efforts going above and beyond to ensure the animals' survival. What struck me is that the animals rescued by the organization did not just include pet dogs and cats, but also exotic pets such as big cats. Sara was one of many big cats rescued from a life of such pain and misery. Maggie Sharaawi, who was Sara's main caregiver, pointed out that the cub had scars and ringworm all over her face and body when she was brought in. Despite the illegality of owning big cats in Lebanon, there are many affluent residents who use their influence known as wasta to get what they want. Even more shocking is that the cats and other such exotic animals are part of breeding programs in Lebanese zoos which lack veterinary expertise and proper enclosures without appropriate nutrition. Other rescued animals include six baboons which are in the process of being transported to a sanctuary in Dorset, England. In addition, there are eight animals from a zoo in the city of Baalbek in Bekaa Valley which include bears, lions, a tiger, and a jaguar.

Sara leaves for Cyprus with Jason Mier (left).

This trend of exotic pet ownership is present in other Middle Eastern countries, as well as Lebanon. While the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia made significant strides in banning the trade and ownership of big cats and bears, others such as Kuwait don't have such restrictions. The ownership of such animals entitles the so-called "owners" as a sign of social status and boost to their social media followings. Despite reports and incidences involving big cats seriously injuring or even killing someone associated with an exotic pet owner, nothing has been done to ensure both the cats and general public are safe. Even something as ominous as a tiger walking down a highway is not enough to implement sufficient measurements on restricting the trade and ownership of big cats and other large exotic predators. I strongly urge the governments of those Middle Eastern countries without proper restrictions in exotic pet ownerships to implement significant steps to ensure no big cat or other exotic pet that poses threat to the general public end up living in the confines of affluent communities. Futhermore, this concept of wasta should not deter authorities and other stakeholders playing a big part in battling the ownership of exotic animals. These affluent members of society should be tried under full extent of law for keeping such animals that belong in the wild.           

Can Taste Aversion Protect Australia's Wildlife from Cane Toads?

Cane toad

Australia is home to some of the most fascinating wildlife seen nowhere else in the world. However, with the advent of European colonization, the country had seen an influx of alien species that have been colonizing its native wildlife for decades. One of these invasive conquerors was a foreign import known as the cane toad. Also called the marine toad and giant neotropical toad, this New World native was brought to Australia in 1935 to help eradicate the country's beetle population which was devastating the sugarcane crops. Unfortunately, the beetles took refuge on top of the sugarcane stalks and the toads were too heavy to climb up. Instead, the toads began multiplying exponentially and spread across Australia competing against the country's native amphibians and other wildlife for food, water, and space. They also posed a significant threat to carnivorous animals thanks to their toxic defense which when ingested, causes hallucinations to a would-be predator with death resulting from cardiac arrest. It is no wonder Australian people have been coming up with techniques to keep the cane toad numbers in check.

A freshwater crocodile investigating a freshly set bait. The compound-injected cane toad is dangling from a stake on the left, while a chicken neck suspended on the right is used as a control.  

Recently, in a study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, scientists from Macquarie University have reported to have implemented a method which has helped mitigate Australia's freshwater crocodile mortality rate by as much as 95 percent. The new technique involves feeding the crocodiles dead altered cane toads to cause food poisoning. While the crocodiles do not end up being intoxicated, they do experience a temporary unpleasant feeling which makes them less likely to eat the toxic toad in the future. According to conservation scientist one of the authors of the study, Georgia Ward-Fear, encounters between the crocodiles and toads occur couple of months a year during the dry season when rivers and gorges in northern Australia dry out. This results in small pools of water which attracts both animals, and ends with tens of hundreds of crocodiles dying within a period of six to eight weeks at the end of the dry season. Ward-Fear and her team, which included the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions and a group of Bunuba rangers, came up with a strategy to warn the crocodiles of the toads. The team would first cut off the top part of the toads' bodies and remove most of the poisonous parts. They would then inject a chemical compound in the toads that brings out nausea in the crocodiles when eaten. The bait would be hung from stakes at the water's edge, along with suspended chicken carcasses as a control. After eating the bait injected with the compound, the crocodiles become sick with food poisoning but do not die. Instead, the resulting taste aversion would be deeply encrypted in the crocodiles' brains and they would learn not to eat the toads. By using this technique, Ward-Fear and her team were able to decrease the crocodile mortality rate by 95 percent in Danggu Geikie Gorge National Park where the toads had turned up two years ago.

The endangered northern quoll is one of many native carnivores threatened by the cane toad.

I find it really impressive and helpful that this method of using taste aversion is being implemented to protect Australia's crocodiles from cane toads. This technique has even been applauded by IUCN's bear conservationist Dr. Dave Garshelis, who utilized taste aversion more than twenty years ago to prevent black bears from eating military rations. However, after one year, the association between bears and tainted rations diminished. According to Dr. Garshelis, same situation may happen with the crocodiles and would mean the technique would probably be repeated over and over again. I agree with Dr. Garshelis that taste aversion doesn't have a long-term effect in preventing crocodiles from eating cane toads. Just like in the case of black bears, crocodiles would learn to distinguish pure toxic cane toads from dead nausea-inducing ones and this might result in more cases of poisoning. This is why I believe more research needs to be done in implementing other techniques to mitigate cane toad numbers in Australia. For example, how to identify and properly destroy cane toad spawn without harming the native wildlife. These poisonous amphibians have been terrorizing Australia's wildlife for nearly ninety years with an estimated 200 million hopping amok in the country. They have killed a wide-range of carnivorous animals which, besides crocodiles, include snakes, goannas, and quolls that see them as a potential meal. They have also shown up in towns and cities, where cats and dogs have been poisoned from biting or licking the toads. It is absolutely crucial to work in an effort to stem the tide of cane toads from further devastating Australia's ecosystems and other places where they have been introduced.         

Can Eliminating the Barred Owl Be Beneficial for the Northern Spotted Owl?

Northern spotted owl (left) and barred owl (right)

The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) had published a proposal in November 2023 to cull approximately half a million barred owls in order to protect the northern spotted owls in the American Northwest. The proposal has recently gained attention from dozens of animal welfare and wildlife protection organizations who signed a letter disputing the plan. The letter urges Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland to reject what it calls a "reckless" plan. Conservationists, including the USFWS, and animal welfare organizations have been locked in a debate regarding the moral issue of killing one species to protect another. The Fish and Wildlife Service stated that without taking action in culling the barred owl population would result in the extinction of its less aggressive and threatened relative the northern spotted owl. It further added that the barred owl is displacing the northern spotted owl in the northwestern states. The proposal would guarantee the northern spotted owl's survival by eliminating over 470,000 barred owls across California, Oregon, and Washington over a span of thirty years. The proposal would also help prevent decrease in the population of the California spotted owl, which is also threatened by barred owls. On the other hand,Wayne Pacelle, president of the Center for a Human Economy and its lobbying force, Animal Wellness Action, who co-authored the letter, called the plan "unworkable" and that it's unclear it would be successfully implemented across such a long time frame. He further argued that lethal management programs usually succeed on closed ecosystems such as islands, and that a management program covering such a far-flung region wouldn't be as effective. Retired emeritus researcher Cameron Barrows from University of California Riverside's Center for Conservation Biology supported the proposal saying that the spotted owls would disappear if the barred owl management plan is not implemented. He also criticized the letter opposing the plan, saying it would mean "We'd rather have barred owls than spotted owls." One Washington-based conservation organization called Birds Connect Seattle also backed the proposal by publishing a letter in January 2024 citing "preventive extinction" as one of its priorities. Its executive director Claire Catania stated that it acknowledges the management plan's need.

I very much believe that while it is necessary to cull the barred owl population in the American Northwest, strong emphasis needs to be placed on preventing another possible wave of barred owls into the area. Originally from the eastern U.S, barred owls were forced to travel across the country in search of new forests due to habitat destruction in their native homeland. The northern spotted owl was initially under threat as a result of the logging industry, which reduced its old-growth forest habitat into patches where this species now lives. Now, these forests are being taken over by the highly adaptable barred owls. Therefore, the competition between these two owl species is indirectly attributed to human-induced factors. I would strongly suggest that significant measurements need to be implemented to prevent barred owls from coming into the northern spotted owl home range. This includes conducting surveys across vast stretches of land in areas outside the American Northwest in order to locate and determine any presence and numbers of barred owls. Once located, the owls should be humanely captured and relocated to their former haunts. This brings me to another point that proper forested areas should be identified in the eastern U.S as ideal barred owl habitat and therefore protected from human encroachment and habitat destruction. I also think that the owl population in the Midwest should be thoroughly studied in order to understand how it is being affected by the barred owl and act accordingly.    

Pakistan's Zoo-turned Wildlife Rescue Center

IWMB ranger Anees Hussein greeting Baboo at the Margalla Wildlife Rescue Center.

Zoos have provided people a chance to view wild animals for centuries. For many, it is a form of convenience without having to step out of their comfort zone and travel to faraway lands, where the animals they come to see roam free. Although zoos allow visitors to witness wild animals in awe, they have been subjected to controversy over the years. Not only do they deprive the animals of their freedom, but some have gained notoriety for the mistreatment of the animals. One of these controversial facilities was Pakistan's Islamabad Zoo. Formerly known as Marghazar Zoo, it opened in 1978 and was initially a refuge for chinkaras (Indian gazelles) and leopards living in the neighboring Margalla Hills before it started bringing in more animals and attracting visitors. From 2008 to 2010, the zoo underwent an extensive upgrade as a recreational area and wildlife sanctuary. This extension not only included animal enclosures, but also educational and research facilities.
 

Remains of Islamabad Zoo: A disused ferris wheel and a food stall amongst overgrown vegetation

However, despite making beneficial developments, Islamabad Zoo came into negative spotlight in September 2016 when an Asian elephant named Kaavan became mentally ill as a result of being chain-bound for the past twenty years. Originally from Sri Lanka, Kaavan's life at the zoo began in the mid-1980s and in 1990, he received a female elephant named Saheli as his mate. Unfortunately, tragedy struck when Saheli died in 2012 due to an injury in one of her legs. Saheli's death, combined with being kept in horrendous conditions, took a heavy toll on Kaavan's mental health as he exhibited signs of distress such as continuous head-bobbing. Rather than take proper steps to help Kaavan, the zoo staff kept him chained subjecting him to a great deal of negligence. Kaavan's neglect generated international attention and prompted a freedom campaign led by singer Cher. At the same time, Islamabad Zoo came under scrutiny regarding the health and well-being of its animals. Investigations revealed that like Kaavan, many other animals were subjected to neglect by the staff - some of which resulted in death. For example, in July 2017, four lion cubs died after being given high intake of Welmingnch milk instead of lioness milk. Later that year, an ostrich died as a result of staff negligence. In August 2018, a wolf mauled six deer at the zoo's extension. Observers criticized the zoo for providing the animals with inadequate or bad quality food, placing and locking them in small cages, and their poor health.
 

Teddy, one of seven Asian black bears at the center.

Islamabad Zoo's legacy ultimately came to an end in 2020 when the High Court ordered the zoo to be closed, following both local and international protests against the treatment of its animals. As a result, many animals, including Kaavan, were relocated to sanctuaries outside of Pakistan. That same year, the court ordered the zoo's grounds to be allocated to the Islamabad Wildlife Management Board (IWMB), a government organization in charge of conserving the wildlife of Margalla Hills National Park. In response to everyday reports of injured and trafficked wildlife, IWMB slowly began to use the former zoo's grounds as a rehabilitation center for rescued animals, in partnership with local animal rights groups and a non-profit conservation organization, Second Chance Wildlife. The center, known as Margalla Wildlife Rescue Center, had rescued more than 380 animals since 2020. These included Asian black bears, Indian pangolins, rhesus macaques, several species of birds, and a three-month-old Bengal tiger. In addition to receiving reports of injured animals, the center also conducts raids to rescue animals when hearing about criminal activities. Some of the animals were saved from poachers, while others, such as the bears, were used for entertainment purposes like "dancing" and fighting. One of the former residents at the center was a tiger named Baboo, who was found in a critical condition. According to IWMB ranger Anees Hussein, he had several bone fractures and been suffering malnutrition following early separation from his mother. Over the 14 months after Baboo's rescue, a small team of the center's staff and volunteers nursed him back to health. Yet as he grew, it became clear that the center could not provide Baboo with more space and company of other tigers. On February 14, after a long fundraising and administrative procedure, Baboo was successfully relocated to South Africa's Isindile Big Cat and Predator Sanctuary.
 

Center staff and volunteers bidding farewell to Baboo at Islamabad International Airport's cargo wing.

The IWMB is planning to establish a sanctuary that can forever house animals that cannot be released into the wild. However, there is an ongoing challenge of fundraising as the center depends on heavily on public donations to meet the increasing cost of maintaining the facilities and taking care of the animals. According to Second Chance Wildlife co-founder Leah Boyer, the center is "operating on a subsistence budget from one week to the next." The team hopes to continue expanding the center's capacity to rehabilitate wildlife, including big cats. For example, leopards are native to the area and incidences of human-leopard conflict are not uncommon. However, the center's mission is not supported by everyone. The Capital Development Authority (CDA), which had earlier managed the zoo, continuously tried to reclaim the grounds and parts of Margalla Hills National Park to reopen the old zoo. Nevertheless, it did not dispute the High Court's judgment and is not likely to win.

Conservation activists protesting against CDA's attempt to reclaim the old zoo.

I find it really amazing how a former zoo is being converted into a wildlife rescue center, especially when that zoo gained notoriety for the treatment of animals. Islamabad Zoo was a prime example of a zoological facility that imposed mistreatment and cruelty to its animals through sheer negligence by the staff that ultimately ends in death. Kaavan, who had been subjected to such mistreatment, was relocated to Cambodia where he now lives a better life following the zoo's closing. Although he is far from the pain and suffering he endured in Pakistan, he is truly a poster child of why zoos in general should focus on proper care and well-being of animals. I don't deny that zoos are far from the wide open spaces that provide wild animals unlimited room to move freely, but I strongly believe that zoo enclosures should be large enough for the animals to stretch their legs. They should also be filled with foliage to mimic various animals' respective native habitats and the animals should be provided with enrichment objects to encourage their wild survival instincts. The staff should be highly dedicated and have proper resources to care for the animals. Most importantly, zoos should provide visitors opportunities in an effort to educate, inspire, and enlighten on the importance of wildlife and conservation. Furthermore, they should support conservation by establishing special facilities to rehabilitate animals that are victims of some type of environmental or wildlife crime. Unfortunately, not many zoos adhere to such standards and there are still many such places all over the world that need to be improvised like in the case of Islamabad Zoo. Also, the Margalla Wildlife Rescue Center has been relying on public donations for fundraising. I strongly urge the government of Pakistan to provide funding to maintain the center's facilities and care of its animals. In addition, there are other zoos in the country where animals are suffering and measurements need to be implemented to establish more such rehabilitation centers and sanctuaries so that the animals don't have to be sent abroad.