Can Taste Aversion Protect Australia's Wildlife from Cane Toads?

Cane toad

Australia is home to some of the most fascinating wildlife seen nowhere else in the world. However, with the advent of European colonization, the country had seen an influx of alien species that have been colonizing its native wildlife for decades. One of these invasive conquerors was a foreign import known as the cane toad. Also called the marine toad and giant neotropical toad, this New World native was brought to Australia in 1935 to help eradicate the country's beetle population which was devastating the sugarcane crops. Unfortunately, the beetles took refuge on top of the sugarcane stalks and the toads were too heavy to climb up. Instead, the toads began multiplying exponentially and spread across Australia competing against the country's native amphibians and other wildlife for food, water, and space. They also posed a significant threat to carnivorous animals thanks to their toxic defense which when ingested, causes hallucinations to a would-be predator with death resulting from cardiac arrest. It is no wonder Australian people have been coming up with techniques to keep the cane toad numbers in check.

A freshwater crocodile investigating a freshly set bait. The compound-injected cane toad is dangling from a stake on the left, while a chicken neck suspended on the right is used as a control.  

Recently, in a study published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, scientists from Macquarie University have reported to have implemented a method which has helped mitigate Australia's freshwater crocodile mortality rate by as much as 95 percent. The new technique involves feeding the crocodiles dead altered cane toads to cause food poisoning. While the crocodiles do not end up being intoxicated, they do experience a temporary unpleasant feeling which makes them less likely to eat the toxic toad in the future. According to conservation scientist one of the authors of the study, Georgia Ward-Fear, encounters between the crocodiles and toads occur couple of months a year during the dry season when rivers and gorges in northern Australia dry out. This results in small pools of water which attracts both animals, and ends with tens of hundreds of crocodiles dying within a period of six to eight weeks at the end of the dry season. Ward-Fear and her team, which included the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions and a group of Bunuba rangers, came up with a strategy to warn the crocodiles of the toads. The team would first cut off the top part of the toads' bodies and remove most of the poisonous parts. They would then inject a chemical compound in the toads that brings out nausea in the crocodiles when eaten. The bait would be hung from stakes at the water's edge, along with suspended chicken carcasses as a control. After eating the bait injected with the compound, the crocodiles become sick with food poisoning but do not die. Instead, the resulting taste aversion would be deeply encrypted in the crocodiles' brains and they would learn not to eat the toads. By using this technique, Ward-Fear and her team were able to decrease the crocodile mortality rate by 95 percent in Danggu Geikie Gorge National Park where the toads had turned up two years ago.

The endangered northern quoll is one of many native carnivores threatened by the cane toad.

I find it really impressive and helpful that this method of using taste aversion is being implemented to protect Australia's crocodiles from cane toads. This technique has even been applauded by IUCN's bear conservationist Dr. Dave Garshelis, who utilized taste aversion more than twenty years ago to prevent black bears from eating military rations. However, after one year, the association between bears and tainted rations diminished. According to Dr. Garshelis, same situation may happen with the crocodiles and would mean the technique would probably be repeated over and over again. I agree with Dr. Garshelis that taste aversion doesn't have a long-term effect in preventing crocodiles from eating cane toads. Just like in the case of black bears, crocodiles would learn to distinguish pure toxic cane toads from dead nausea-inducing ones and this might result in more cases of poisoning. This is why I believe more research needs to be done in implementing other techniques to mitigate cane toad numbers in Australia. For example, how to identify and properly destroy cane toad spawn without harming the native wildlife. These poisonous amphibians have been terrorizing Australia's wildlife for nearly ninety years with an estimated 200 million hopping amok in the country. They have killed a wide-range of carnivorous animals which, besides crocodiles, include snakes, goannas, and quolls that see them as a potential meal. They have also shown up in towns and cities, where cats and dogs have been poisoned from biting or licking the toads. It is absolutely crucial to work in an effort to stem the tide of cane toads from further devastating Australia's ecosystems and other places where they have been introduced.         

Can Eliminating the Barred Owl Be Beneficial for the Northern Spotted Owl?

Northern spotted owl (left) and barred owl (right)

The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) had published a proposal in November 2023 to cull approximately half a million barred owls in order to protect the northern spotted owls in the American Northwest. The proposal has recently gained attention from dozens of animal welfare and wildlife protection organizations who signed a letter disputing the plan. The letter urges Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland to reject what it calls a "reckless" plan. Conservationists, including the USFWS, and animal welfare organizations have been locked in a debate regarding the moral issue of killing one species to protect another. The Fish and Wildlife Service stated that without taking action in culling the barred owl population would result in the extinction of its less aggressive and threatened relative the northern spotted owl. It further added that the barred owl is displacing the northern spotted owl in the northwestern states. The proposal would guarantee the northern spotted owl's survival by eliminating over 470,000 barred owls across California, Oregon, and Washington over a span of thirty years. The proposal would also help prevent decrease in the population of the California spotted owl, which is also threatened by barred owls. On the other hand,Wayne Pacelle, president of the Center for a Human Economy and its lobbying force, Animal Wellness Action, who co-authored the letter, called the plan "unworkable" and that it's unclear it would be successfully implemented across such a long time frame. He further argued that lethal management programs usually succeed on closed ecosystems such as islands, and that a management program covering such a far-flung region wouldn't be as effective. Retired emeritus researcher Cameron Barrows from University of California Riverside's Center for Conservation Biology supported the proposal saying that the spotted owls would disappear if the barred owl management plan is not implemented. He also criticized the letter opposing the plan, saying it would mean "We'd rather have barred owls than spotted owls." One Washington-based conservation organization called Birds Connect Seattle also backed the proposal by publishing a letter in January 2024 citing "preventive extinction" as one of its priorities. Its executive director Claire Catania stated that it acknowledges the management plan's need.

I very much believe that while it is necessary to cull the barred owl population in the American Northwest, strong emphasis needs to be placed on preventing another possible wave of barred owls into the area. Originally from the eastern U.S, barred owls were forced to travel across the country in search of new forests due to habitat destruction in their native homeland. The northern spotted owl was initially under threat as a result of the logging industry, which reduced its old-growth forest habitat into patches where this species now lives. Now, these forests are being taken over by the highly adaptable barred owls. Therefore, the competition between these two owl species is indirectly attributed to human-induced factors. I would strongly suggest that significant measurements need to be implemented to prevent barred owls from coming into the northern spotted owl home range. This includes conducting surveys across vast stretches of land in areas outside the American Northwest in order to locate and determine any presence and numbers of barred owls. Once located, the owls should be humanely captured and relocated to their former haunts. This brings me to another point that proper forested areas should be identified in the eastern U.S as ideal barred owl habitat and therefore protected from human encroachment and habitat destruction. I also think that the owl population in the Midwest should be thoroughly studied in order to understand how it is being affected by the barred owl and act accordingly.    

Pakistan's Zoo-turned Wildlife Rescue Center

IWMB ranger Anees Hussein greeting Baboo at the Margalla Wildlife Rescue Center.

Zoos have provided people a chance to view wild animals for centuries. For many, it is a form of convenience without having to step out of their comfort zone and travel to faraway lands, where the animals they come to see roam free. Although zoos allow visitors to witness wild animals in awe, they have been subjected to controversy over the years. Not only do they deprive the animals of their freedom, but some have gained notoriety for the mistreatment of the animals. One of these controversial facilities was Pakistan's Islamabad Zoo. Formerly known as Marghazar Zoo, it opened in 1978 and was initially a refuge for chinkaras (Indian gazelles) and leopards living in the neighboring Margalla Hills before it started bringing in more animals and attracting visitors. From 2008 to 2010, the zoo underwent an extensive upgrade as a recreational area and wildlife sanctuary. This extension not only included animal enclosures, but also educational and research facilities.
 

Remains of Islamabad Zoo: A disused ferris wheel and a food stall amongst overgrown vegetation

However, despite making beneficial developments, Islamabad Zoo came into negative spotlight in September 2016 when an Asian elephant named Kaavan became mentally ill as a result of being chain-bound for the past twenty years. Originally from Sri Lanka, Kaavan's life at the zoo began in the mid-1980s and in 1990, he received a female elephant named Saheli as his mate. Unfortunately, tragedy struck when Saheli died in 2012 due to an injury in one of her legs. Saheli's death, combined with being kept in horrendous conditions, took a heavy toll on Kaavan's mental health as he exhibited signs of distress such as continuous head-bobbing. Rather than take proper steps to help Kaavan, the zoo staff kept him chained subjecting him to a great deal of negligence. Kaavan's neglect generated international attention and prompted a freedom campaign led by singer Cher. At the same time, Islamabad Zoo came under scrutiny regarding the health and well-being of its animals. Investigations revealed that like Kaavan, many other animals were subjected to neglect by the staff - some of which resulted in death. For example, in July 2017, four lion cubs died after being given high intake of Welmingnch milk instead of lioness milk. Later that year, an ostrich died as a result of staff negligence. In August 2018, a wolf mauled six deer at the zoo's extension. Observers criticized the zoo for providing the animals with inadequate or bad quality food, placing and locking them in small cages, and their poor health.
 

Teddy, one of seven Asian black bears at the center.

Islamabad Zoo's legacy ultimately came to an end in 2020 when the High Court ordered the zoo to be closed, following both local and international protests against the treatment of its animals. As a result, many animals, including Kaavan, were relocated to sanctuaries outside of Pakistan. That same year, the court ordered the zoo's grounds to be allocated to the Islamabad Wildlife Management Board (IWMB), a government organization in charge of conserving the wildlife of Margalla Hills National Park. In response to everyday reports of injured and trafficked wildlife, IWMB slowly began to use the former zoo's grounds as a rehabilitation center for rescued animals, in partnership with local animal rights groups and a non-profit conservation organization, Second Chance Wildlife. The center, known as Margalla Wildlife Rescue Center, had rescued more than 380 animals since 2020. These included Asian black bears, Indian pangolins, rhesus macaques, several species of birds, and a three-month-old Bengal tiger. In addition to receiving reports of injured animals, the center also conducts raids to rescue animals when hearing about criminal activities. Some of the animals were saved from poachers, while others, such as the bears, were used for entertainment purposes like "dancing" and fighting. One of the former residents at the center was a tiger named Baboo, who was found in a critical condition. According to IWMB ranger Anees Hussein, he had several bone fractures and been suffering malnutrition following early separation from his mother. Over the 14 months after Baboo's rescue, a small team of the center's staff and volunteers nursed him back to health. Yet as he grew, it became clear that the center could not provide Baboo with more space and company of other tigers. On February 14, after a long fundraising and administrative procedure, Baboo was successfully relocated to South Africa's Isindile Big Cat and Predator Sanctuary.
 

Center staff and volunteers bidding farewell to Baboo at Islamabad International Airport's cargo wing.

The IWMB is planning to establish a sanctuary that can forever house animals that cannot be released into the wild. However, there is an ongoing challenge of fundraising as the center depends on heavily on public donations to meet the increasing cost of maintaining the facilities and taking care of the animals. According to Second Chance Wildlife co-founder Leah Boyer, the center is "operating on a subsistence budget from one week to the next." The team hopes to continue expanding the center's capacity to rehabilitate wildlife, including big cats. For example, leopards are native to the area and incidences of human-leopard conflict are not uncommon. However, the center's mission is not supported by everyone. The Capital Development Authority (CDA), which had earlier managed the zoo, continuously tried to reclaim the grounds and parts of Margalla Hills National Park to reopen the old zoo. Nevertheless, it did not dispute the High Court's judgment and is not likely to win.

Conservation activists protesting against CDA's attempt to reclaim the old zoo.

I find it really amazing how a former zoo is being converted into a wildlife rescue center, especially when that zoo gained notoriety for the treatment of animals. Islamabad Zoo was a prime example of a zoological facility that imposed mistreatment and cruelty to its animals through sheer negligence by the staff that ultimately ends in death. Kaavan, who had been subjected to such mistreatment, was relocated to Cambodia where he now lives a better life following the zoo's closing. Although he is far from the pain and suffering he endured in Pakistan, he is truly a poster child of why zoos in general should focus on proper care and well-being of animals. I don't deny that zoos are far from the wide open spaces that provide wild animals unlimited room to move freely, but I strongly believe that zoo enclosures should be large enough for the animals to stretch their legs. They should also be filled with foliage to mimic various animals' respective native habitats and the animals should be provided with enrichment objects to encourage their wild survival instincts. The staff should be highly dedicated and have proper resources to care for the animals. Most importantly, zoos should provide visitors opportunities in an effort to educate, inspire, and enlighten on the importance of wildlife and conservation. Furthermore, they should support conservation by establishing special facilities to rehabilitate animals that are victims of some type of environmental or wildlife crime. Unfortunately, not many zoos adhere to such standards and there are still many such places all over the world that need to be improvised like in the case of Islamabad Zoo. Also, the Margalla Wildlife Rescue Center has been relying on public donations for fundraising. I strongly urge the government of Pakistan to provide funding to maintain the center's facilities and care of its animals. In addition, there are other zoos in the country where animals are suffering and measurements need to be implemented to establish more such rehabilitation centers and sanctuaries so that the animals don't have to be sent abroad.     

Botswana's Elephants Victimized by Political Fighting

A pair of elephants at a watering hole

Botswana is renowned for having the largest elephant population in Africa. According to experts, statistics indicate that the country's elephant population numbers approximately 130,000 which is considered, at this moment, stable. However, in recent months, Botswana's elephants have been suffering immensely in recent months due to ivory poaching. In the past three months, at least 60 elephants have been killed in Botswana's northern region, including Chobe National Park, one of the world's best wildlife destinations. The poachers are specifically targeting the few remaining "big tusker" elephants which have already been hunted to near-extinction. The animals' tusks are being smuggled out of Botswana by organized, heavily-armed, and sophisticated gangs from Zambia who are working for syndicates in and around Lusaka. In Zambia, the tusks are cut into small pieces before being packaged and transported through other African countries and then sent to Asia. Conservation sources asserted that the Botswanan government's wildlife department had been sluggish to react and had not responded "adequately." No arrests had been made so far. Experts further added that aerial surveys of elephant herds in Botswana revealed high volumes of carcasses, which would cause alarm if discovered in other countries. In addition, the total number of elephants killed is higher than 60 due to other carcasses not being found yet.

An elephant family

It is extremely disheartening to hear about elephants being constantly slaughtered left and right by poaching gangs. But what really adds to the frustration is the slow response by Botswana's government as pointed out by Keith Lindsay, a veteran elephant biologist and conservation advisor, and Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) executive director Mary Rice. They have indicated that poaching gangs have been taking advantage of the sluggish governance and enforcement Botswana's spacious wilderness areas for many years. Ms. Rice further added that the country's government deployed restricted wildlife patrols in response and cautioned that most of Tanzania's elephant population elephant population was decimated a decade ago when authorities failed to act against the poachers. The political connection between the plight of Botswana's elephants and the country's role dates back to the end of the presidency of former president Ian Khama, whose second term of office ended in 2018. At the time, hunting was banned in the country but resumed when following the election of Mr. Khama's former ally and deputy, President Mokgweetsi Masisi. The relationship between the two men disintegrated resulting in Mr. Khama currently living in exile in South Africa. According to Christopher Vandome, senior research fellow at Chatham House's African Program, concerns grew as it became clear that President Masisi was not to be Mr. Khama's puppet. In addition, he also refused the former president his demands for special authorizations such as a larger staff and appointing Mr. Khama's brother Tshekedi Khama as vice president. But most importantly, President Masisi reversed a lot of Mr. Khama's conservation policy and efforts in order to further disocciate from the former president. As a result, illegal poaching of Botswana's elephants increased significantly and the current government did not undertake significant measurements in order to mitigate poaching in the country.

Elephant herd on the move

I cannot express in any words about the factors that contributed to the surge in Botswana's elephant mortality rate in recent months. It is extremely outrageous that the current government is paying little attention to the ongoing plight of ivory poaching and not taking any significant action to ensure their protection on the long run. This really goes to show how politics can have a negative impact on wildlife protection and conservation. Botswana, like most African countries, relies on tourism as a source of economy and among its wild places, Chobe National Park is the most biologically diverse making it one of the country's top tourist destinations to see and experience wildlife. Any form of hunting is deemed detrimental to the tourism industry and would result in ecological imbalance. This is especially true in the case of elephants, which play a major role in shaping the landscape. By trampling grasslands, they make room for smaller species to coexist. They also dig dry river beds to create water holes used by other animals when rainfall is low. In addition, they disperse seeds in their dung while travelling vast distances to generate new green growth. 

A lone elephant in a watery habitat

One of the striking features about this news is a statement by research director of the Elephant Crisis Fund Chris Thouless. He warned that the high amounts of elephant carcasses could be a natural phenomenon. He further added that there is no strong evidence that the elephants died as a result of poaching. I strongly believe that a great deal of research and studying needs to be implemented in order to better understand Botswana's elephant mortality rate. This means collecting biological samples and running scientific tests in order to fully determine whether elephants died as a result of just poaching or some kind of natural circumstance. In addition, quantitative figures need to be determined in order to get a clear and accurate picture of what percentage of Botswana's elephants died from poaching and what percentage died of some natural phenomenon. I think if one comes across an elephant carcass that has been completely emptied of tusks, it should not be assumed that elephant was killed by poachers. A thorough examination of the carcass needs to be conducted to see if any bullets are present inside the body. Furthermore, samples should be collected and closely studied to determine whether the animal died as a result of poisoning or some other natural or unnatural cause. Conducting scientific research can greatly help understand Botswana's elephant mortality and also provide information in implementing steps to prevent further deaths. However, such measurements require also political will and I strongly urge the government of Botswana to change its approach in protecting the country's elephants and wildlife. This includes improvising its policies regarding conservation and deploying more personnel in patrolling the wilderness areas to combat poaching.    

Scimitar-horned Oryx Returned From the Brink of Extinction

A pair of scimitar-horned oryx

The oryx, with its striking and seemingly handsome looks, is one of the most charismatic animals in the world. Its bold facial markings and a pair of long sweeping horns give it an almost mythical appearance. The horns are so parallel to each other that when viewed sideways, the animal appears as though it has only one. This description has associated the oryx with the unicorn. Unfortunately, the oryx's stunning appearance has also made it a target for hunters and poachers, and no species bore more brunt than the scimitar-horned oryx. Named for its long sweeping horns reminiscent of actual swords used by Islamic warriors of bygone days, the scimitar-horned oryx had suffered tremendously in the hands of humans for decades with factors ranging from hunting and poaching to habitat degredation in its Sahara homeland. It is also said that political instability and civil war in Chad contributed to its downfall. The combination of various anthropogenic factors resulted in the extirpation of the scimitar-horned oryx throughout North Africa, with only surviving populations residing in zoos, private menageries, and captive-breeding facilities. There were even fenced-in herds residing in a handful of protected areas in North Africa. Due to the abundance of captive populations and lack of data in the form of sightings in the wild, the scimitar-horned oryx had been declared "Extinct in the Wild" by the IUCN since 2000.

Scimitar-horned oryx being released in Chad.

However, there were ongoing conservation efforts to revive this species in the wild. These efforts comprised of breeding programs designed to increase the numbers of these antelopes in captivity and reintroduce them in their former haunts. They were carried out through joint collaborations between zoos, conservation groups, government agencies, and other key partners. One of the key success stories occurred in 2016 when a group of 25 oryxes were released in Chad's Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Game Reserve as part of an operation led by the country's Ministry of Environment and Fisheries, the Sahara Conservation Fund (SCF), and Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD). That same herd produced a calf the following year marking the first wild birth for more than two decades. From then on, more oryxes were being reintroduced into the reserve and in 2021, sixty calves were born increasing the number to 400 animals. Recently, it has been reported that 510 calves have been born in the wild thanks to a breeding scheme by EAD and the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). Not only has this renewed hope for the oryx's future, but it also changed its status from "Extinct in the Wild" to "Endangered."

A mother scimitar-horned oryx and calf.

I cannot think of any greater news than the scimitar-horned oryx being downlisted to "Endangered" from "Extinct in the Wild." This is truly a result of several years of joint collaboration between partners in conservation and politics to save a species from the brink of extinction. What struck me is that prior to this recent achievement, scientists from the ZSL published a research study in the journal Science which asserted that conservation zoos had the potential to alter the extinction of some animals. The research was the first to comprehensively analyze the 95 Extinct in the Wild animals and plants that have survived due to consistant human care since 1950. One of those animals is the scimitar-horned oryx. This magnificent antelope has become the second member of its species after its Arabian counterpart to make a remarkable comeback into the wilds of its arid North African haven. I very much hope that more efforts will be implemented to identify potential protected areas outside of Chad for the scimitar-horned oryx where it once thrived before disappearing. These include Sudan, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Senegal, Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. I also hope that because some of these countries are rife with political instability and terrorism-related activities, considerate and effective actions will be taken to ensure that reintroduction efforts are carried out successfully and that the animals are fully protected. The scimitar-horned oryx shared its North African homeland with two other antelopes, the addax and the dama gazelle; both of which are critically endangered and kept in zoos and captive breeding facilities outside Africa. All three of these antelopes play an integral part in maintaining the North African landscape by grazing and browsing, which prevents desertification. Therefore, their reintroductions are crucial nature-based solutions in helping tackle local impacts of climate change.    

New Hope for Wolverines

A wolverine captured on camera in Tahoe National Forest near Truckee, California on Feb 27, 2016.

The wolverine is a creature that personifies the harsh ruggedness of the frozen north. For centuries, it has garnered a fearsome, yet hated reputation among local human populations sharing its Arctic and sub-Arctic homeland. Universally regarded as vermin by fur trappers, it was indiscriminately shot on sight due to its habit of eating animals caught in traps during winter and fouling its human competitors' cabins with its strong scent. Please read below at the end of this article for more inforamtion on this remarkable animal. 

The relentless persecution geared by uncontrolled trapping and poisoning campaigns decimated the wolverine population across most of the U.S by the early 20th century. Approximately 300 survive living in remote, fragmented groups at high elevations in the northern Rocky Mountains. Now, the wolverine faces a threat of completely different magnitude: climate change. This is seen as scientists warn of rising temperatures anticipated to reduce mountain snowpacks which wolverines depend on to make shelter to raise their young in coming decades. 

In response to the scientists' warning, the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service proposed giving threatened species protections which had been delayed due to more than twenty years of arguments over the risks of climate change and threats to the continuing survival of the wolverines. Officials wrote in the proposal that protections under the Endangered Species Act were required "due primarily to the ongoing and increasing impacts of climate change and associated habitat degradation and fragmentation."

I'm glad to hear that the federal government has recognized the threats various wild animals such as wolverines are facing due to climate change and decided to ensure full protection. Ever since the U.S came under the presidency of Donald Trump, little to no attention had been paid to the findings made by scientists and researchers on the impact of climate change on the wildlife. It should be understood that research and studies about climate change should be taken into serious consideration and acknowledgement irrespective of what political party is in power. There is no room for politics when it comes to science and research, especially with climate change and various environmental issues linked to it. I very much hope that strong and efficient measurements will be implemented in protecting the wolverines on the long run. This includes conducting awareness campaigns geared at educating the public about wolverines, how climate change affects them, and what can the public do to save them. I also think outlawing of winter recreational activities such as backcountry skiing and snowmobiling in areas rife with wolverine activity is essential. In addition, legal trapping is also something that needs to be looked into especially when there is an incident of a wolverine accidentally caught in a trap laid out to catch an unthreatened species. 

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Some general infomation on wolverines: The wolverine, although a member of the weasel family, is powerful enough to command respect from other animals it shares its habitat with. Its size makes it capable of bringing down prey up to the size of a deer, making it an apex predator alongside wolves, bears, and wildcats. Incredibly, despite its relatively small size, the wolverine's fearless tenacity combined with brute strength, bone-crunching jaws, a thick hide, and an arsenal of strong-smelling stink glands, allows it to stand up against its stronger adversaries - often to the point of forcing them to abandon their kills. This ferocious nature has earned the wolverine a bad rap from its bipedal counterparts garnering it several nicknames like the devil bear, skunk bear, hyena of the north, and in Inuit language Kee-wa-har-kess or "the evil one." Perhaps the most popular moniker it was given is "glutton" due to the belief that it kills more than it eats. In reality, the wolverine is far from the verminous beast that plagued the imaginations of hunters and trappers from past centuries. It is a keystone species that plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance in the extreme north, and its "gluttonous" behavior is attributed to filling itself voraciously on carrion in winter and burying extra food to be eaten later.    

Poachers Turned Protectors- A Tale of Two Odia Men

Raghupati Dharua (left) and Satyaban Sahu (right)

Illegal poaching is an ongoing issue all over the world. Whenever there is a poaching incident, the investigation involves authorities following clues and other crucial information which would lead them to the culprits. Once apprehended, the culprits are usually convicted and sentenced to considerable jailtime. But what happens when the culprits are released after serving time? Do they resort again to their illegal activities and the process is repeated all over again? Or do they find an alternative which steers them away from a life of crime? One such case was seen with two men named Raghupati Dharua and Satyaban Sahu from the state of Odisha in India. For thirty years, they were infamous poachers and labeled as "most-wanted" in both police and forest departments. But now, these men have renounced their life of crime by working as informants and assisting the forest department combat poaching and capture the perpetrators in Odisha's Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary. In their own words, the men wanted to give up poaching because their respective children are growing up and they did not want the younger generation to live in disgrace. Due to their familiarity with the dense forest and difficult terrain, the duo gave information on snares poachers lay out to catch or kill animals. One of the officials who is grateful for their help in protecting the sanctuary and its wild inhabitants is Anshu Pragyan Das, a divisional forest officer of the Hirakud wildlife division. In addition to being informants, Dharua and Sahu have other jobs in the sanctuary. For example, Sahu mans a gate at Zero Point of the sanctuary. Dharua, on the other hand, is a carpenter in the sanctuary's ecotourism facilities and also plumbing and electrical repairs.

Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary

I cannot think of any better way to improvise the fight against poaching than recruiting former poachers in assisting wildlife officials in protecting the world's wild places and wildlife. This would be an alternative to the life of crime for them and provide a second chance. Furthermore, ex-poachers have an intimate knowledge of the inner workings in poaching gangs which would be beneficial for authorities in apprehending the gangs' active members and accumulate enough evidence to convict them of their crimes. It goes to show that it takes a thief to catch a thief. Raghupati Dharua and Satyaban Sahu are ideal examples of individuals who once used to make a living poaching wildlife, but decided to give up that lifestyle and turned over a leaf to assist in the battle against poaching. Each one of them had a rough past. Sahu, who hails from the village of Khajuria in the foothills of Debrigarh, dropped out of primary school and made a living grazing livestock before taking up poaching at 17 after his mother passed away. He was involved in a notorious tiger hunting case in 2018 for which he was sentenced to nine months imprisonment. He was arrested again in 2020 after being caught with a leopard skin. Since then, he turned his life around and is now working with the forest department earning Rs. 12,000 per month. He has even been involved in ecotourism activities. I really think that Sahu and Dharua should be seen as role models to various people living in the vicinities of protected areas in India and other tropical places. Their stories and experiences should be taken as life lessons by people who are either actively involved in any type of wildlife crime or even thinking of resorting to these types of illegal activities. I also believe that in countries where poaching is rife in protected areas, there should be special programs geared at people living in the margins of societies providing them jobs in working with wildlife and law enforcement officials in combating various wildlife crimes. It would very much help, especially when there are individuals who are knowledgeable in how poaching gangs and other wildlife crime syndicates function.